Popular Shang Han lun （1）

衡阳唐亚军

第一讲，伤寒论的逻辑大纲

1.the logicaloutline of Shang Hanlun

想学中医啊，各位不妨从《伤寒论》学起呢。

距今1800年前，张仲景写了《伤寒论》。他设“寒”为论，也就是假令人“被寒所伤”而生病，由此开展的论述文章。寒冷对人的刺激是有轻重缓急的，后续的怕冷或发烧，也是有轻重缓急的，从外到内。

If you want tolearn traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), you might as well start with ShangHan lun.

About1,800 yearsago, Zhang Zhongjing (AD 215～219) wrote Shang Han lun. The word "ShangHan "means "Being injured by cold" in Chinese. He observed thatthe human body "Being injured by cold" would have different degreesof chills and fever. The stimulation of cold to people has priorities, and thesubsequent fear of cold or fever, as well as priorities, from the outside tothe inside.

左边是人受了寒，所以用麻黄汤，或桂枝汤两个偏热的基础汤药来处理。严格来说，如果这个阶段的症状不严重，人体是可以自我适应，甚至可以自我恢复的，所以并不是真正有病的阶段。

右上红，是“应激发热龙”，发热有程度不同，越来越热；右下绿，是“持续畏寒龙”，畏寒有程度不同，越来越冷。

红绿两条龙，就是张仲景将人“被寒所伤”后，出现“持续发热”和“持续畏寒”，各分其三，分成6个不同阶段的病来论述。真正能称为“病”的，是后边两条龙的六个阶段。

On the left,suffering from cold, so treated with Mahuang decoction（麻黄汤Mahuang-tang） or Guizhi decoction（桂枝汤Guizhi-tang）, whichare two hot basic medicine soups. Strictly speaking,if the symptoms at this stage are not serious, and the human body can adaptitself or even recover itself, then it is not a real stage of illness.

The upper right isred, which is a "hot dragon". The degree of fever is different andgetting hotter and hotter；The lower right is green, which is the"cold dragon". The degree of cold is different and getting colder andcolder.

Red and greendragons are "persistent fever" and "persistent fear ofcold" after Zhang Zhongjing discussed the "Being injured by cold" of human body, which is divided threestages, so there are six different stages of disease to discuss in his works. Whatcan really be called "disease" is the six stages of the last twodragons.

《伤寒论》详细论述了这六个寒热病，并分别给出了示范方剂和药物，它是一本中医入门书籍。他在医学上的努力，值得人们的尊敬。

Shang Han lundiscusses six stages of cold and heat diseases in detail, and givesdemonstration prescriptions and herbas respectively. It's a primaryintroduction to the clinical theory and medication of TCM. His dynamicobservation of diseases and his efforts in medicine are worthy of respect.

中医没有那么玄的。

中医的发源，最早是我们的祖先在寻觅食物的时候，发现有些东西可吃不可吃，哪些可以作为常规食物使用，哪些还有治病的作用。有治病疗效的就是中药了，几千年来不断的以身试药，反复实验和实践，不断的归纳总结，逐渐形成了较为完整的中药学体系。

简单地说，就是某个药能治某个病，多个药联合使用，就能一起治疗多个病。

Traditional Chinesemedicine is not mysterious and difficult to understand.

It originated whenour ancestors searched for food and found that some things could be used asregular food, and some also had the function of treating diseases. Therefore,those with curative effect belong to traditional Chinese medicine. Afterthousands of years of accumulation, constant experiment and practice, andconstant induction and summary, a relatively complete medical system hasgradually formed.

Simply put, onemedicine can cure a certain disease, and multiple medicines can treat multiplediseases when used in combination.

大概是公元前1600年左右，夏末商初，商朝灭了夏朝。有个大人物，叫伊尹（尹，是官名。）他除了是一代贤相、帝王的师傅的身份，同时还是我们中华的厨祖，中医的鼻祖。伊尹不仅能主持大业，“上得了庙堂”，他还“下得了厨房”。他不管在哪里，都能做到“干一行，钻一行，精一行”。他到厨房工作，同样喜欢捣鼓。结果他发现有些食物搭配着熬汤，还真有一些较为固定的疗效。他所著的《汤液经法》可能是中医方剂学的起源，在历史上有着重要的地位，现仍在学习和使用的古代“经方”大概率源于此书，比如我们熟知经方“桂枝汤”。也有人猜测，中国人喜欢的香辛卤肉料，最早也可以追溯到伊尹。

About 1600 BC, inthe early Shang Dynasty, there was a great man named Yi Yin. He is not only theminister of a generation of emperors, but also the originator of chefs in China.No matter where he is, he can "do a line, drill a line, and be precise."When he worked in the kitchen, he found that some foods did have some fixedcurative effects. His book Tang Ye Jing Fa may be the source of traditionalChinese medicine prescriptions, which has an important position in history. Forexample, "Guizhi-tang" is said to be invented by him. Some peoplespeculate that Chinese's favorite hot sauce can be traced back to Yi Yin asearly as possible.

“八纲辩证”是世间万事万物最朴素的辩证法，并不是中医独有。它们是四组相互对立的概念，四组之间又是一个相互联系的整体，中医则用它们分析判断疾病动态发展的整体形势。

比如说，人体“阴阳”失衡，人就生病了。生病了呢，则出现“寒热”为症状表现。这个寒热症状，就和刚才那二条龙一样，有“表里”程度的不同。最终呢，给人体造成了“虚实”的结果。

"EightCardinal Dialectics" is the simplest dialectics of everything in theworld, and it is not unique to TCM. There are four groups of positive andnegative concepts, but there is an overall relationship between them.TCM uses them to analyze and judge the overall situation of the dynamicdevelopment of diseases.

For example, if the"yin and yang" of the human body is unbalanced, people will get sick.If you are sick, you will have "cold and heat" as a symptom. Thiscold and heat symptom, just like those two dragons just now, has a differentdegree of "exterior and interior". In the end, it caused the resultof "lack and redundancy" of the human body.

那么怎么治疗呢？

有“寒热证”，我们分别用寒热药对应处理。寒了，用热药。热了，用凉药。中药当中的寒热药，是有程度不同的。比如生姜和辣椒，都属于药性偏热，但明显辣椒要热的多，能解决更多的寒。如果造成人体的虚弱，我们补虚。如果身体产生了各种各样的垃圾冗余，我们则要请及时清除掉。

So, how doestraditional Chinese medicine carry out treatment?

There is"cold-heat syndrome", and we treat it with cold-heat drugsrespectively. If it is cold, use hot drugs; you are very hot, take cold drugs.Various cold and heat medicines have different functions. For example, gingerand peppers are hot, but obviously peppers are hotter and can cure cold better.If it creates a weakness, we must make up for it. If the body produces allkinds of garbage redundancy, we should get rid of it in time.

所以，传统中医认为“阴阳失衡”，人就是“生病了”，如果出现寒热症状，医生则以不同“寒热”药针对治疗。如果出现身体的“虚弱”或“垃圾冗余”，医生则以不同程度药补虚或泄实。

不管哪个中医医生，都遵循着这个客观规律。

Therefore,traditional Chinese medicine believes that after "imbalance between Yinand Yang", you are "sick". If there are symptoms of cold andheat, doctors will treat them with different "cold and heat" drugs.If there is "weakness" or "garbage redundancy", doctorswill provide patient with different degrees of medicine or help patients removeredundancy.

No matter whichdoctor of traditional Chinese medicine, they all follow this objective law.

必须强调的是，“有是症，用是药”，即药物是用于解决症状。有单个症，用单类药；有多个症，就用多类药。所以，后世有人将这句话拓展了，叫“有是证，用是方”。即相对固定的多个症的症候群，才会有相对固定的联合用药，这就是相对固定的方剂的由来。

It must beexplained that "there is a syndrome, there is a drug", and drugs areused to solve symptoms. If the symptoms are single, use a single class ofdrugs; if you have more than one symptom, you should take more than one drugs. Latergenerations, some people expanded this sentence and said, that "there is asyndrome, there is a prescription." That is to say, thesyndrome of multiple diseases is relatively fixed, and there will be arelatively fixed drug combination and a relatively fixed prescription.

“外寒入侵”，人体不得不应激以热，以求寒热平衡。最初的“寒”，是外来之寒，而这个“热”，是人体应激之热。所以，感冒初期，寒是“外寒”，热是“内热”。“外寒”侵入人体，有“表里”次第程度的不同，产生应激“内热”也有不同，所以，病不是固定不变的，我们可以进行动态分析和应对。

When attacked bythe cold outside, people will have to try to keep the balance between cold andheat. The initial "cold" is the cold of the outside world; And thiskind of "heat" is the fever caused by people's pressure. So at thebeginning of a cold, cold is "external cold" and heat is"internal heat".

"Externalcold" invades the human body in different degrees from the outside to theinside, and there are also different degrees of "internal heat" to stress-induced reaction, so the disease is not fixed and mustbe dynamically analyzed and handled. The table below is a dynamic analysis andinterpretation.

“中医讲道理，伤寒有逻辑”，医生治病，一定是有逻辑思下的行为。传统中医已经经过几千年反复人体实验和实践，并留下了大量的医学实践材料，是人类医学发展史的重要组成部分，这是不用质疑的事实。

"Chinesemedicine makes sense, Shang Han lun has logic", and doctors must also havelogical thinking in treating diseases. There is no doubt that TCM has gonethrough repeated human experiments and practices for thousands of years, andleft a lot of medical practice materials, which is an important part of thehistory of human medical development.

衡阳唐亚军

第二讲，“一只小蚊子叮咬人”和应激症状
2. About "a little mosquito bites people" and the symptoms of stress response.
开讲前，我们先了解两个人。
Let's get to know two scientists first.

第一位叫巴甫洛夫（1849～1936年）。在俄国叫这个名的人很多。但我们谈的这位是俄国生理学家、心理学家、医师，条件反射理论的建构者。巴甫洛夫观察到，生物存在条件反射和非条件反射。比如我用手在你眼前晃动，你有意识的闭眼，这是条件反射。而你现在眨眼，这是非条件反射。
The first one is Ivan•P• Pavlov（1849～1936）. There are many people by that name in Russia. But we are talking about a Russian physiologist, psychologist and doctor, and the builder of conditioned reflex theory. Pavlov observed that there are conditioned reflexes and unconditioned reflexes in living things. For example, if I shake my hand in front of your eyes and you consciously close your eyes, this is a conditioned reflex. And now you blink, which is an unconditional reflex.

第二位是加拿大塞里（1907～1982年）教授，他创立了《应激学说》。塞里教授观察到，当机体遭受寒冷、缺氧和失血等生理有害刺激时，交感神经系统就会紧急动员，出现心率增快、心搏加强、支气管扩张、瞳孔扩大、血糖增高、凝血机制增加及全身血液的重新分配等生理反应。塞里教授把这个生理反应叫应激反应。
The second one is Professor Hans Selye（1907～1982） of Canada, who founded the stress theory. Professor Seri observed that when the body is subjected to physiological harmful stimuli such as cold, hypoxia, blood loss, etc., the sympathetic nervous system will be urgently mobilized, and there will be physiological reactions such as increased heart rate, increased heartbeat, bronchiectasis, dilated pupils, increased blood sugar, enhanced coagulation mechanism, and blood redistribution throughout the body. Professor Seri calls this physiological response a stress response.

塞里教授认为，人体应激过程分为三个阶段：动员期、抵抗期、衰竭期。动员期，机体以损伤性表现为主，因为机体这个时候尚未适应刺激。抵抗期，机体以抗病性表现为主，这个时期，机体已达到最大的适应。衰竭期，机体以损伤性表现为主，机体承受抗病的结果。
Professor Seri believes that the stress process of the human body can be divided into three stages: mobilization stage, resistance stage and exhaustion stage. The mobilization period is mainly physical injury, because the body has not adapted to stimulation at this time. In the resistance period, the body mainly resists diseases, and during this period, the body has reached maximum adaptation. In the exhaustion period, the body is mainly characterized by injury, and the body suffers from disease resistance.

我们每个人都有被小蚊子叮咬的经历。咬着后，我们的身体会有两个明显的症状，一个是红，一个是肿。
When we are bitten by mosquitoes, there will be two obvious symptoms, One is "red fever" and the other is "swollen".
这二个生理应激，是人体希望用高温烧灼外来物，用粘稠的体液包裹外来物，使之不再扩散为患。
These two physiological symptoms are the physiological response of the human body to self-treatment. The human body hope to burn foreign objects with high temperature and wrap them with viscous body fluids so that they will not spread.

蚊子是不带寒热性质的。就如被人打了一巴掌，打得重一点，皮肤上也会红肿。同样，蜈蚣、蝎子、毒蛇咬人，也有“红肿”二个基础症状。热兵器和冷兵器，给人的杀伤，道理也是一样的。都是被外界某因素所伤后，产生的应激症状。
细菌、病毒，它们是“无数个细小的蚊子”，如果在我们身体乱咬，道理也是一样。
Mosquitoes do not carry cold or heat. Scorpions, scorpions and poisonous snakes also have two basic symptoms of "red" when they bite people. For example, if you are slapped, the skin will become red and swollen if you hit it harder. Likewise, hot weapons and cold weapons kill people in the same way. They are all symptoms of stress after being hurt by some external factor.
Bacteria and viruses, they are "countless tiny mosquitoes", and if they bite in our bodies, the same.
  所以，不管外部什么原因，给人体造成的伤害，人体应激以“红和肿”，即发热和体液聚集，是两个最基础的临床症状。
而医生要做的事，就是消除这二个症状。
Therefore, no matter what external causes do harm to the human body, people's stress is "redness and swelling", that is, fever and body fluid accumulation, which are the two most basic symptoms in clinical practice.
What the doctor has to do is to eliminate these two symptoms.

衡阳唐亚军

第三讲， 病理性产物“虚和实”

3. The pathologicalproduct " deficiencyor or excess "

中医指的虚证，主要指“阴阳气血”方面的不足。它们本身就是一个循环系统，是一环套一环的。传统中医早在几千年前就发现了这个循环系统，但他们不会解释。

The deficiencysyndrome mentioned in TCM mainly refers to the deficiency of "yin andyang, qi and blood", which is a circulatory system and a ring. Chinesemedicine discovered this circulatory system thousands of years ago, but theycould not explain it.

现在我们可以用现代物理和化学知识来理解了。我们举例，当人们吃入食物，这相当于“原油”。

→→1胃有温度，食物经过提炼，则得到了“汽油”，它们是提供人体营养的“阴液”→ →“阴液”与氧气结合则得到红色的“血液”，它们是阴液在燃烧→ →燃烧释放大量的热能，这就是“阳热”→ →阳热转化为实现生命活动的动能，即中医所说的“气”。

Now we canunderstand it with modern knowledge of physics and chemistry. For example, whenpeople eat food, it is equivalent to "crude oil".

→→ 1 Whenfood is refined by the temperature in the stomach, it will get"gasoline", which is the " yin- fluid " that provides humannutrition→→ When the yin- fluid is combined withoxygen, it will get red "blood", which means that the yin- fluid isburning→→and it releases a lot of heat energy, which is"yang heat "→→Yang heat is transformed intokinetic energy to realize life activities, which is called "qi" inTCM.

传统中医认为的实证，主要指身体因病产生的“垃圾冗余”。它们在身体堆积形成疙瘩，也就是“结病”。比如前面讲的那只小蚊子叮咬后，皮肤上的肿包，就是病理产物“结”。

The excess syndromementioned in TCM mainly refers to the "garbage redundancy" caused byillness. They accumulate in the body and form a "knot". For example,the swelling on the skin after being bitten by that little mosquito is thepathological product "knot".

不管是古人说的“风寒暑湿燥火”，还是“房室、金刃、虫兽所伤”、“七情六欲” 对人的刺激，这些刺激如果超过了人体应激的“阀值”，就会导致人生病。生病的过程，除了出现各种症状，还会产生大量的病理产物。
Whether it's "wind, cold, heat, dampness, dryness and fire" as the china ancients said, or injuries caused by "sexual intercourse, incised wound, insects and beasts bitten ". Even such common emotions as "happiness, anger, sadness, joy, worry, thinking and surprise" will have an impact on people's health, if it exceeds the "threshold" that the human body can bear, it will lead to illness. In the process of getting sick, besides various symptoms, a large number of pathological products will be produced.

当人体长时间、持续地处于应激状态时，身体细胞内液和细胞外液、血液、淋巴液、组织液的粘度也随之发生显著变化。这些变化可以通过现代医学观察和总结到。比如可出现血糖增高、凝血机制增加及全身血液的重新分配等持续性生理变化，出现中医认为的“湿”、“饮”、“痰”、“淤”、“瘀”等难以被正常代谢的有形病理产物。
When the human body is under stress for a long time, the viscosity of intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid, blood, lymph and interstitial fluid also change significantly. Also undergo significant change. These changes can be observed and summed up by modern medicine. For example, there may be persistent physiological changes such as elevated blood sugar, enhanced coagulation mechanism and blood redistribution throughout the body, and there may also be tangible pathological products such as dampness, retained fluid-phlegm, body fluid stasis or blood stasis that are difficult to be metabolized normally by Chinese medicine.

我在黄煌经方论坛上曾发表了《郁、淤、瘀》一文，简单阐述了对结证形成的认识。这三个字都发“ＹＵ”音，但在临床上，这三个字各有临床程度不同，依次说明了结证“气机有所不展，阴血有所不通，积聚有所不化”的病理过程，其中：
“郁”，从情志气机，积浊困滞意也。气血始有不和，蕴积或蕴结初成；
“淤”，从阴液血液，气血滞塞意也。体液流通不畅，淀滓浊泥渐堆砌；
“瘀”，从病理结果，积聚不化意也。呆滞附于肌骨，另生它变已成疾。
I published the article "Depression, Stagnation, Stasis" in the classic prescription forum of Professor Huang Huang of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, and briefly expounded my understanding of the formation of syndrome. The Chinese pronunciation of these three words is "Yu", but in clinic, these three words have different clinical degrees, which in turn shows that the disease is a process of gradual accumulation.

这些病理性产物通常难以被人体正常代谢。如果长时间堆积在身体里，一方面，会出现“占位性”病变，即它们占据范围内的细胞，组织或器官周围，阻碍它们正常的物质交换。另一方面，会出现变质腐热，结果酿成了致病的内患，成了致病因。
These pathological products are usually hard to be metabolized by the human body. If accumulated for a long time, on the one hand, there will be "space occupying" lesions, which will hinder the normal material exchange of cells, tissues or organs within the occupied area. On the other hand, it will ferment and accumulate heat, which will become the internal cause.

临床上，结有“阴结”和“阳结”之划分。
Clinically, the knot are divided into "yin knot" and "yang knots".

下图，不是蚊子咬的，是什么导致的不知道，但也“肿”，并且是“红肿”。所以这是偏“热结”、“阳结”。
Next, it was not bitten by a mosquito. I don't know what caused it, but the symptoms is "redness and edema", so this symptom tends to be "heat knot" and "yang knot"。
下张图，相比较上图，也是“肿”结，但并不出现“红”，所以偏“寒结”、“阴结”。
Compared with the above picture, the next picture has the symptoms of swelling, but it is not red, so this symptom tends to be should be "cold knot" and "yang knot".
身体受到刺激分泌大量体液，不在正常位置出现的“湿”，是结病的一种，同样是生病过程中产生的病理产物、垃圾。
When the body is stimulated, it secretes a large amount of body fluids, which is called "dampness" in TCM. It is a kind of disease, and it is also a pathological product and garbage produced in the process of illness.

《伤寒论》中，如“痛、满、胀、痞、硬、水逆、奔豚、身黄、下利”等名词，多用于形容身体的“气郁、水、饮、痰、血、积食、燥屎” 病理的实质性等症状，这些都属于“结”病范畴。而“结”的部位，可以是“结于四肢头面、肉上粟起、心下、胁下、胃肠、膀胱、少腹、结胸、藏结”等，临床可能引发多种不适和疼痛症状。
In Treatise on Febrile Diseases, such terms as "pain, fullness, bloating, swelling, hardness, water resistance, running dolphin, yellow body and diarrhea" are mostly used to describe the substantial symptoms of the body's "qi stagnation, water, drinking, phlegm, blood, food accumulation and dry stool", all of which all belong to the category of "knot" disease. The "knot" site can be "knot on the head and face of the limbs, millet on the meat, under the heart, under the threat, gastrointestinal tract, bladder, abdomen, chest, Organ " and so on. These may cause all kinds of discomfort and pain symptoms in clinic.

衡阳唐亚军

第四讲，要极端重视“感冒”治疗
4. Attaching great importance to “a cold” treatment
有人说，“所有的病可能都是从感冒开始的”，有一定的道理。感冒这个词，古代多认为是人体“感寒”，从而“冒出”一大堆症状。中西方几乎都这样认为，比如英语的感冒，最初用的就是cold。
Some people say that "all diseases may begin with a cold", which makes sense.
In ancient times, the "cold" described that a lot of symptoms "popping up" after the human body "felt cold". And almost all Chinese and western medical circles think so. The medical term in English is "cold". This word is known as "gǎn mào" in China.

对于健康的正常人，没有内因旧病，如果初始时，就有以下症状，就是感冒了，即中医所说的，得了“表病”。
肌体症状常常包括：发热畏寒、头痛、有汗或无汗、四肢酸痛、头胀如裹、肩背痛，骨节疼痛等；而呼吸道和消化道症状，常常包括：喷嚏、鼻塞、声重，流涕，发热、咳嗽、咳痰、呕吐、咽干、咽痒、咽痛或烧灼感，腹痛腹泻等。
不要忽视了，昨天还好好的，今天呼吸道也没问题，但就是身体这僵，或者那里有痛，这是体液为寒所凝滞，中医认为这也是感冒。
A healthy person who has the following symptoms is a cold. Or it has got "superficial disease".
Among them, physical symptoms may include: fever, chills, headache, sweating or no sweat, limb pain, head swelling, shoulder pain, joint pain, etc. Respiratory and digestive tract symptoms may include sneezing, stuffy nose, heavy voice, runny nose, fever, cough or with phlegm, vomiting, dry throat, itchy throat, sore throat or burning, abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Don't ignore it, even if you have no upper respiratory symptoms, your body is stiff here, or there is pain. The TCM believes that this is due to the stagnation of body fluid caused by coldness, which is also a cold.

感冒虽然是个初始的小病，但不可忽视治疗，以避免病情的进一步恶化。如果失治或延误治疗，那么就会从轻症发展为重症，后续发展没办法预料，可能对身体健康造成更大威胁，甚至造成病人死亡。所以，什么叫养生？极端重视感冒，就是养生。
Although the cold is an initial ailment, it should not be neglected to treat it, so as not to worsen. If the cold is not treated or delayed, it will develop from mild to severe, and the subsequent development is unpredictable, which may pose a great threat to health and even lead to the death of patient.
Attaching great importance to“a cold” treatment is the best health preservation.

“上工治未病,中工治欲病,下工治已病”。知道未病先防和既病防变的，就是一个最高明的医生。
The TCM believes that "superior doctors prevent disease, average doctors treat impending disease, and inferior doctors treat actual disease ". The best doctors always focus on preventing diseases and how to stop the disease from getting worse after getting sick.

衡阳唐亚军

第五讲，辛温药散“外寒”
5.  Pungent-warming herbas can relieve exterior cold syndrome.
外寒不解除，就象刺入手中的玻璃渣一样，如果不及时清理掉，否则，后续还是可能会复发。
有“表病”，当然就要“解表药”。这叫“有是症，用是药”，即有这个症状，就有相应的药物来消除。
If the external cold is not removed, it will be like the glass slag stuck on your finger. The disease will recur in the future if it is not cleaned up in time.
If there is a "superficial disease", of course, there is a need for a herba for "relieving the exterior" to treat it. This is called "there is a syndrome, there is a herba", which means that with this symptom, there will be corresponding herbas to eliminate it.

我们开始学习第一个药：麻黄。
We began to learn the first Pungent-warming  relieve exterior cold herba: Ephedra（麻黄Mahuang）.
《中药学》中的“辛温解表药”多有“辛辣味”,有发散外寒作用。麻黄闻起来并没有这个“辛辣味”味，但它能促进发汗，所以也归于这类药。
Most of the pungent-warming and exterior-relieving herbas in TCM Herba are pungent and have the function of dispersing external cold. Mahuang has no "spicy" smell, but it can promote sweating, so it also belongs to this kind of herba.

现代药学研究发现，麻黄主要含生物碱类成分:麻黄碱、伪麻黄碱、去甲基麻黄碱、去甲基伪麻黄碱挥发油、甲基廉黄碱、甲基伪麻黄碱等。还含鞣质、挥发油等。
1、麻黄水煎剂、麻黄水溶性提取物、麻黄挥发油、麻黄碱、1-甲基麻黄碱等均有发汗作用。
2、麻黄碱、伪麻黄碱、麻黄挥发油是其平喘的有效成分。
3、麻黄的多种成分均具有利尿作用，以d-伪麻黄碱作用最显著。
4、麻黄挥发油对多种实验性发热模型动物有解热效应。
5、麻黄的多种成分均有抗炎作用。麻黄挥发油对亚甲型流感病毒有明显抑制作用，对金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎双球菌等均有不同程度的抑制作用。
6、麻黄碱、麻黄水提取物有镇咳作用，麻黄挥发油有一定的祛痰作用。
7、麻黄碱有兴奋中枢神经系统、强心、升高血压、抑制肠平滑肌作用。
Modern pharmaceutical research has found that Mahuang mainly contains alkaloids: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, demethylpseudoephedrine volatile oil, methylberberine, methyl pseudoephedrine and so on. It also contains tannin, volatile oil, etc.
1. Herbaa Ephedrae decoction, Herbaa Ephedrae water-soluble extract, Herbaa Ephedrae volatile oil, ephedrine, and 1- methylephedrine all have sweating effects.
2. Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and ephedra volatile oil are effective components for relieving asthma.
3. Various components of Herbaa Ephedrae have a diuretic effect, among which d- pseudoephedrine has the most significant effect.
4. Ephedra volatile oil has an antipyretic effect on many experimental fever model animals.
5. Various components of Herbaa Ephedrae have anti-inflammatory effects. Ephedra volatile oil has an obvious inhibitory effect on influenza a virus, staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus, Haemophilus influenza and diplococcus pneumoniae.
6. Ephedrine and ephedra water extracts have an antitussive effect, and ephedra volatile oil has a certain expectorant effect.
7. Ephedrine can excite the central nervous system, strengthen the heart, raise blood pressure and inhibit intestinal smooth muscle.

我们将以上七条主要作用提炼出来，即麻黄有兴奋、发汗、清热、化痰利尿、抗炎、平喘止咳的作用。可以看出，中国古代中医早就发现了它的主要作用。
We have extracted the above seven main functions. That is, Ephedra has the functions of excitement, sweating, clearing away heat, resolving phlegm and diuresis, anti-inflammation, relieving asthma and relieving cough. It can be seen that ancient Chinese medicine in China has already discovered its main function.

结合现代药理研究，我们可以推导一下麻黄是如何发生作用的：
不要忘记了，现代一些新型毒品，就是以麻黄碱为主要原料。所以，麻黄导致人体产生一定的兴奋，是其主要作用。人体兴奋后，代谢加快，内热增加。一方面，能抵消外寒；二方面，通过其发汗作用，将因寒束缚毛孔打开，同时将肌表因寒刺激，造成的体液留滞的“水肿”给解决了。
Combined with modern pharmacological research, we can deduce how Mahuang works.
Don't forget, some modern new herbas are mainly made of ephedrine. Therefore, Mahuang causes certain sense of excitement in the human body, which is its main role. After the human body is excited, the metabolism is accelerated and the excessive internal heat increases. On the one hand, it can offset the external cold; On the other hand, through its sweating function, the pores are opened, and the " retained fluid-phlegm " caused by cold stagnation is brought out.

这样看来，麻黄几乎能解决受寒引发“怕冷怕风”，“因寒造成的肌表不开”， 甚至“喘气不及”，以及“头痛，身疼腰痛，骨节疼痛”这些症状。
In this way, Mahuang can almost solve the symptoms caused by cold, such as "fear of cold and wind", "skin pores are not open due to cold", and even "shortness of breath or cough", as well as "headache, body pain, low back pain and joint pain".

麻黄能够发汗散寒，但并不是为了“发大汗”， 而是为了打开“肌表病理性闭锁状态”，保持肌肤内外通畅，这一点请大家务必记牢。
Mahuang used in TCM does not make patients “sweat profusely”, but opens the "closed state of skin pores" to keep the body unobstructed inside and outside. Please keep this in mind.

必须提示，中药也有禁忌，临床上，类似于峻烈的药，老小弱者都要谨慎使用。如果有其他药代替，就用其他药，尽量绕开不用。不要觉得非此药不可。
It must be pointed out that TCM also has herba contraindications. Clinically, it is similar to powerful herbas, so it should be used with caution by the old and the weak. If there are other herbas instead, use other herbas, try to avoid not using them, and don't have the idea of using this herba forcibly.

前辈中医认为麻黄太过竣猛发汗，临床不好控制药量，多以其他辛温解表的药来代替。比如下图中的其他同类药：
Older doctors believes that Mahuang is too effective to control the dosage, and it is often replaced by other the pungent-warming and exterior-relieving herbas. For example, the following other herbas have similar effects.

请注意这些药物的其他作用，它们主要用于辛温解表，其中的一些还能利湿止痛，宣通鼻窍，甚至有排脓的作用。其中的紫苏，还能解误食死鱼烂蟹的造成的中毒。
Please pay attention to the other functions of these herbas. They are mainly used to relieve exterior cold syndrome, and some of them can also promote diuresis and relieve pain, dredge nasal orifices and even expel pus. Among them, perilla can also solve the poisoning caused by eating dead fish and rotten crabs by mistake.

衡阳唐亚军

第六讲，辛温解表的第一个方剂“麻黄汤”

6. The first Pungent-warming relieveexterior cold prescription

就象是突然进入冷库，人体“被寒所伤”之初，我们会感觉寒冷，但并不会立即引发应激发热。所以，此阶段属于“外寒>内热”阶段。

It's like suddenlyentering the cold storage. At the beginning of "being injured bycold", we will feel cold, but it will not immediately trigger astress-induced fever reaction. Therefore, this stage belongs to the stage of"external cold > internal heat".

That is the shadedpart of the table below.

在“外寒>内热”阶段，如果是轻症，我们可以吃一些热的食物，或者简单的，比如喝点热水，或是运动一下，让自己身体热起来，可以抵消这个外寒入侵。如果使用药物，单用麻黄10克，利用其药物温性，基本上可以抵消或治疗外寒带来的症状。

At the stage of"external cold > internal heat", if it's only mild symptoms, wecan eat some hot food, drink some hot water, or exercise to warm ourselves upas soon as possible, which can offset the invasion of external cold.

If you want to use herbasmedicine, only 10 grams of Mahuang can basically offset or treat the symptomscaused by external cold by using the warmth of its.

但是，人体接触外寒有程度不同。

如果是“外寒甚”， 甚至“寒入肌体”，此时单用大麻黄仍不够，还必须叠加个热药，才能更好地散掉侵入身体的外寒。这个药，是我们要说的第二个药，桂枝。这样，“麻黄+桂枝”，联合用药，就能解决肌表闭锁和外寒太甚。

However, the humanbody is injured by cold to varying degrees.

If it is"external cold" or even "cold entering the body", it is notenough to use Mahuang alone at this time. A heat herba must be superimposed tobetter offset the invasion of external cold into the body. This herba is cassiatwig（桂枝Guizhi）. "Mahuang+Guizhi", such a combination of herbas, cansolve the problem the closed state of skin pores and external cold entering thebody.

外寒除了对人体肌肤产生刺激外，还可能经口鼻刺激呼吸道，甚至到深入肺或消化道，引发应激反应。比如我们吸入辣椒气，典型的症状就是肺出现咳喘，这是肺的生理应激，是肺的主动排异行为。

如果还伴随有一个咳嗽的症状，那怎么办？“有是症，用是药”，有“咳嗽”，当然就要用“止咳嗽”的药嘛。

The external coldnot only stimulates the skin on the surface of the human body, but alsostimulate the respiratory tract through the nose and mouth, and even go deepinto the lungs or digestive tract, causing a stress response. For example, whenwe inhale pepper gas, the typical symptom is coughing and asthma in the lungs,which is the physiological stress of the lungs and the active rejectionbehavior of the lungs.

What should I do ifI have cough symptom at the same time? "There is a syndrome, there is a herba."If you have symptoms of "cough", of course you should take medicineto stop coughing.

止咳的药有很多，在《伤寒论》中，张仲景选择了杏仁。现代研究也发现，杏仁有扩张支气管，解决缓解肺管因应激所产生的挛急。所以，当下就有了“麻黄+桂枝+杏仁”，这样的联合用药。

There are many herbasfor relieving cough. In Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Zhang Zhongjing chose Almonds(杏仁Xingren). Modern research has alsofound that almonds dilate bronchi, which can solve the problem of relieving thecontracture of lung tubes caused by stress. Therefore, there is now acombination of " Mahuang+Guizhi+xingren".

因为在此时，人体出现怕冷，同时又有肺部的咳嗽症状，现场似乎有点反应激烈，需要缓和。中药当中，有个药叫甘草，也叫“国老”，意思是和和气气的样子，能调和各方面关系，缓和身体的应激反应之外，它还能让烈性的药物缓慢释放。那么，用“麻黄+桂枝+杏仁+甘草”这样的组合，对于治疗当下的感冒，就属于考虑得比较成熟，也较为充分了。

Because at thistime, the human body is afraid of cold, and the lungs have cough symptoms. Thescene seems a bit intense and needs to be eased. In TCMs, there is a kind ofmedicine called licorice（甘草Gancao）, also called " Guo Lao",which in Chinese means the appearance of harmony, which can reconcile allaspects of relationships. Besides relieving the body's stress response, itssweetness can also slow the release of powerful herbas. Then, the combinationof "Mahuang+Guizhi+Xingren+Gancao" is considered mature andsufficient for treating the current cold.

必须提醒，中国古代人早就发现，严重的水肿不宜用甘草。现代药理研究也认为，甘草不利于身体钠盐的排出，类似于水肿、肾病、高血压、低血钾、充血性心力衰竭者，不建议用甘草，外科病化脓患者也不建议使用。

It must be remembered that ancient people in China havelong found that licorice is not suitable for people with severe edema. Modernpharmacological research  believe thatlicorice is not conducive to the excretion of sodium salts in the body. It isnot recommended for patients with edema, kidney disease, hypertension,hypokalemia and congestive heart failure, nor for patients with surgicalsuppuration.

这样的药物组合，就是《伤寒论》“辛温解表”的第一个方剂，“麻黄汤”。

This combination of herbas isthe first Pungent-warming herbas can relieve exteriorcold prescription in Shang Han lun, Mahuang -tang.

汤证：麻黄汤

处方：麻黄三两去节 桂枝二两去皮  甘草一两炙   杏仁七十个去皮尖

右四味，以水九升，先煮麻黄，减二升，去上沫，内诸药，煮取二升半，去滓，温服八合，覆，取微似汗，不须啜粥，余如桂枝法将息。

Herba name: Mahuang-tang

Prescription: Mahuang (3 Liang, remove joint), Guizhi(2 Liang ,remove peel), Xingren（70 nuts，remove peel and tip point）, Gancao(1 Liang, roasted)

Made and attention:

There are four herbas in total. Cook Mahuang with nine Sheng ofwater. When reducing two Sheng, remove the floating foam on it, and then putother herba in it. When there are two and a half Sheng water left, remove theresidue. When the soup is still warm, take eight He, and then lie down andcover the quilt, get slight sweat by this way.

Don't need to drink porridge. Other methods refer toGuizhi-tang.

衡阳唐亚军

The translation of basic concepts of TCM is very chaotic, so I try to use some relatively fixed concepts as little as possible.

衡阳唐亚军

第七讲，“辛温解表”的第二个方剂
7. The second Pungent-warming herbs can relieve exterior cold prescription

这是《伤寒论》中的“桂枝汤”。
This is Shang Han lun, Guizhi -Tang.
汤证：桂枝汤
处方：桂枝三两去皮   生姜三两切   芍药三两   甘草二两炙   大枣十二枚
右五味，咀三味，以水七升，微火煮取三升，去滓，适寒温，服一升。服已须臾，啜热稀粥一升余，以助药力，温服令一时许，遍身漐漐微似有汗者益佳；不可令如水流离，病必不除。若一服汗出病差，停后服，不必尽剂；若不汗，更服，依前法；又不汗，后服小促其间，半日许令三服尽。若病重者，一日一夜服，周时观之，服一剂尽，病证犹在者，更作服；若汗不出，乃服至二、三剂。禁生冷、粘滑、肉面、五辛、酒酪、臭恶等物。
Soup name: Guizhi-Tang
Prescription: Guizhi(2 Liang , remove peel), Shengjiang(3 Liang, cut) ,Shaoyao(3 Liang), Gancao(2 Liang, roast), Dazao(12 Dry Fruits, rip)
Made and attention:
Smash three of the above five herbs. Cook seven Sheng of water low heat. When there are three Sheng water left, remove the residue, and take one Sheng when the soup temperature is appropriate. After taking the medicine, drink hot porridge for more than one Sheng immediately to help the medicine play. After taking medicine for a period of time, it is best if slight sweat all over the body. Do not get sweat profusely, otherwise, the disease will not be solved, even worse.
If sweat after take the medicine once and the symptoms are solved, don't drink the rest of the medicine soup; If there is no sweat, need to take again according to the previous method; If there is still no sweat, should be urged to take it three times in half a day. Seriously ill, should be take day and night.If the patient is seriously ill, take medicine during the day and night, and often observe the patient's condition.
Pay attention to the abnormal symptoms of patients during medication and adjust medication at any time. If the symptoms have not been solved, need to take medicine again. Especially those who don't sweat should take medicine once or even more.
It is forbidden to eat uncooked, cold, sticky, smooth, meat and noodles, spicy, wine and cheese, smelly and disgusting food.

桂枝汤证“被寒所伤”的程度，要比前边的麻黄汤证要深入一点了。“寒入肌体”，除了外寒不除，且已经出现有轻微应激发热症状，甚至有点微汗的样子，说明肌表毛孔是通畅的。
The degree of Guizhi-Tang's syndrome of "being injured by cold" is a little deeper than that of Mahuang-Tang. "Cold entering the body", in addition to the symptoms of external-cold , and there have been symptoms of mild stress and fever, the patient even sweated a little, indicating that the pores on the muscle surface are unobstructed.

虽然当前但仍处于“外寒>内热”阶段，总体偏寒证多一些。但这个阶段，仍需要细细拆分。因为外寒刺激已经到了触发应激阳热的临界点，此时到底是外寒多，还是内热多，这关系到临床用药的配比。
Although it is still in the stage of "external-cold > internal- heat", there are more cold syndromes in general. But at this stage, it still needs to be carefully divided. Because the external-cold stimulation has reached the critical point to trigger the stress yang heat, whether there is more external-cold or more internal- heat at this time is related to the ratio of "cold herbs" or "hot herbs" used in clinic.

如果偏左，则大部分属于“外寒>内热”。方用“桂枝+生姜”，共同来“辛温解表”，目的是解决进入肌表里的寒。如果再往左偏，偏到肌表不开，则可以加麻黄开表。
If the condition to the left, it mostly belongs to "external-cold  > internal- heat",use "Guizhi +ginger(生姜Shengjiang)" to Pungent-warming relieve exterior cold herbs can solve the problem of cold entering the muscle surface. If a little further to the left, such as the pores on the muscle surface are not open, you can add Mahuang to promote diaphoresis and open the pores.

如果偏右，即“外寒”已开始触发了应激内热。此时同时有怕冷和发热症状，当然就要应之以“寒+热”。热药是“桂枝+生姜”，而寒药，张仲景选择了白芍。
If the condition to the right, it means that "external-cold " has already started to cause internal- heating under pressure. At this time, there are symptoms of "cold+ fever" at the same time. Of course, it is necessary to use "cold herbs + hot herbs " to deal with. The hot herbs is "Guizhi + Shengjiang", while the cold herb, Zhang Zhongjing chose white peony root (芍药 Shaoyao).

在《中药学》里，芍药是放在“补虚药”当中，属于“补血药”，它有点微寒，能补阴补血，又能活血，能带动代谢而“止诸痛”。
现代研究也认为芍药有抗病毒和解热、抗炎、解痉、降血压、镇痛、镇静、抗惊厥、抗溃疡、保肝等作用。
In TCM, Shaoyao is slightly cold, can replenish yin- fluid and blood, promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, and promote metabolism to "stop all kinds of pain".
Modern research also believes that Shaoyao has antiviral and antipyretic functions, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antihypertensive, analgesic, sedative, anticonvulsant, anti-ulcer, liver protection.

本方中的“枣子”，是个富有营养的甜品，叠加上甘草的甜味，能缓当前寒势，这是枣子的一药二用，于是：
“桂枝+生姜”====解肌表之寒
“芍药+枣子”====止应激热，活血止诸痛，补充阴血
“枣子+甘草”====缓和病势
这就是桂枝汤联合用药的目的。
The "jujube（大枣 Dazao）" in this recipe is a nutritious dessert, which is as sweet as Gancao and can alleviate the current situation of cold syndrome. This is Dazao with one medicine has two functions.so.
"Guizhi + Shengjiang" = = = Pungent-warming relieve exterior cold
"Shaoyao + Dazao" = = = Stop stress fever, promote blood circulation to stop all kinds of pain, and replenish yin- fluid and blood.
"Dazao + Gancao" = = = Alleviate the disease.
This is the purpose of Guizhi-Tang combined with medication.

以上主要针对偏肌肤感寒症状。如果这个外寒，经口鼻深入到呼吸道，引发肺的应激咳嗽，那怎么办？
向麻黄汤学习，可以加一个杏仁止咳喘。如果咳嗽症状偏重，再叠加一个厚朴，联合止咳喘。所以，桂枝汤+“杏仁+厚朴”，这就成了“桂枝加厚朴杏子汤”。
The above discussion is biased towards skin cold symptoms. If the external-cold  penetrates into the respiratory tract through the nose or mouth, causing stress cough in the lungs, how to treat it?
Learn from Mahuang-Tang, and you can add Xingren. If the cough symptoms are serious, you can add another herb, Magnolia officinalis （厚朴Houpu）, and use these two herbs to work together to stop cough and asthma. Therefore, there is a prescription of Guizhi-Tang+ Xingren + Houpu, named "Guizhi jia Houpu Xingren-Tang ". The word "Jia" means "add".

汤证：桂枝加厚朴杏子汤
处方：桂枝三两去皮  芍药三两　甘草二两炙   生姜三两切   大枣十二枚擘   厚朴二两炙去皮   杏仁五十枚，去皮尖
右七味，以水七升，微火煮取三升，去滓，温服一升，覆，取微似汗。
Soup name: Guizhi jia Houpu Xingren-Tang
Prescription: Guizhi(3 Liang , remove peel), Shengjiang(3 Liang, cut),Shaoyao(3 Liang), Gancao(2 Liang, roast), Dazao(12 Dry Fruits, rip), Houpu(2 Liang , remove peel), Xingren（50 nuts，remove peel and tip point）
Made and attention: There are seven herbs in total. Cook seven Sheng of water low heat. When there are three Sheng water left, remove the residue, take one Sheng, then lie down and cover the quilt, get slight sweat by this way.

桂枝汤是《伤寒论》当中应用较多，变化较多的方。希望大家反复琢磨，认真理解。
1、桂枝汤证，要是偏热多，则当适当减少桂枝的用量，或多加清热的白芍。否则，热药太多，加上应激热，热上加热，成了“以火济火”了；要是偏寒多，则当适当增加桂枝用量，或减少白芍的量，否则，寒药太多，加上外寒，寒上加寒，成了“以寒济寒”了。
2、桂枝汤于“病瘥”后，即用于病后，患者有阴阳不足的虚证时。这时的桂枝汤，是以桂枝的热性温补阳热，白芍能补足阴液。这是桂枝和白芍的“一药两用”，也是桂枝汤的“一方两用”，不可不知。
Guizhi-Tang is a widely used and varied prescription in Shang Han lun. I hope everyone will ponder over it and understand it carefully.
1, Guizhi-Tang syndrome, if the symptoms are too heat, you should appropriately reduce the dosage of Guizhi, or add more heat-clearing Shaoyao. Otherwise, too many hot herbs coupled with stress heat, heat up, has become a "fire help fire"; If the symptoms are too cold, we should appropriately increase the amount of Guizhi or reduce the amount of Shaoyao. Otherwise, there are too many cold herbs, and the cold drugs is coupled with the exterior cold, cold up, has become "cold help cold."
2. Guizhi-Tang is used yin- fluid and yang- heat deficiency syndrome after illness. At this time, Guizhi-Tang is based on the heat of Guizhi to warm and replenish yang- heat, and Shaoyao can replenish yin- fluid. This is the "dual use of one medicine" of Guizhi and Paeonia lactiflora, and it is also the one medicine has two functions of Guizhi-Tang.

衡阳唐亚军

How to accurately translate and express the concepts in the article? Please make suggestions. Thanks.

ruru

非常期待你的繼續！謝謝！

衡阳唐亚军

关于药物的剂量
8.  Aout the dosage of drugs.
中医传承了几千年，按理，医生开方，药房抓药，应也是有一个模子传下来的。历代关于一剂药的数量，应有一个差不多的量。不可能到了某个年代之后，大家就不一样了。
TCM has been passed down for thousands of years. It stands to reason that doctors prescribe prescriptions and pharmacies take herbs, and there should also be a model handed down. There should be a similar amount of a dose of medicine in past dynasties. It is impossible that after a certain time, everyone will be different.

根据考古研究，认为东汉时期，那时的“一两”，相当于现在，有差不多有15克这样子。就《伤寒论》的麻黄汤而言，麻黄用三两，将近有45克。这么大的剂量吃下去，大家都担心，这会不会出现用药太重，导致病人大汗淋漓？传承至今日，按正常理解，一剂麻黄汤的麻黄应是10克左右，病人是可以出汗的。考古研究的计量应该没有错，那么问题会在哪里呢？
According to archaeological research, it is considered that in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the "one or two" at that time was equivalent to the present, and it was almost 15 grams. As far as the Mahuang-Tang in Shang Han lun is concerned, Mahuang uses 3 liang, which is nearly 45g. If you eat such a large dose, everyone is worried. Will the medication be too heavy, causing the patient to sweat profusely? Inherited to this day, according to the normal understanding, a dose of Mahuang-Tang should be about 10 grams of Mahuang, and patients can sweat. There should be nothing wrong with the measurement of archaeological research, so where will the problem be?

古人和我们今天的人一样，对于中医中药，都讲究一个“物有所值”的消费心理。普通人生活艰辛，生活惜财，往往会有“一剂知，二剂已，三剂不行就换医”的要求。
一剂药，不到四五味药，按咱们现在常规的量，恐怕连个壶底都铺不满。就像老百姓常说的那样：您这点药，吃下去，都走不到病啊。所以，经方这点药就能治病，他信不过。
参照咱们现在常用的剂量，古代的一剂药相当咱们三剂左右，这样才能符合医患心理。所以，古代医生在开这个药的时候，病人抓回去的药量，也得有这么一小包才对，不能太少。
The ancients, like us today, paid attention to the consumption psychology of "value for money" for Chinese medicine. Ordinary people live a hard life and cherish money, and often have the requirement of "the first dose must be effective, and the second dose must be cured. If the third dose is ineffective, the patient must change doctors."
One dose of medicine, less than four or five herbs, according to our current conventional quantity, I am afraid that even the bottom of the pot is not enough. As the people often afraid this small dose can't cure the disease. Therefore, patients can't trust you.
According to the dosage we commonly use now, one dose of medicine in ancient times is equivalent to about three doses, so as to conform to the psychology of doctors and patients. Therefore, when ancient doctors prescribed this medicine, patients had to take back such a small bag, not too little.

客观来说，用药多少，不是医生决定的，而是患者的症状轻重决定的。所以，这里边有个法度，叫“中病即止”。即药物要刚好达到解决疾病的目的，最好是不多也不少。
Objectively speaking, the dosage is not decided by the doctor, but by the severity of the patient's symptoms. Therefore, there is a stipulation here name "just stop the disease." that is, the medicine should just achieve the purpose of solving diseases, and it is best not to have more or less.

关于中病即止，唐代孙思邈(约581-682年)有一个很好的例子。在他80多岁中风后，命徒弟将小续命汤磨粉“煮散”。为什么要煮散？是为了让药物可以充分煎煮，药物充分析出。而且是连汤带药喝下去，日夜不停地吃了十天十夜，第十一天的时候他能自己起床了。现在看来，鲜少有这样的服药方法。
Sun Simiao (581～682) in the Tang Dynasty had a good example of "just stop the disease." After he suffered a stroke in his 80 s, he ordered his apprentice to grind Xiao Xuming-Tang into powder and "boil it". So that the medicine can be fully decocted and the medicine can be fully deposited. Moreover, he drank the soup with medicine and ate it day and night for ten days and nights. On the 11th day, he was able to get up by himself. Now, it seems that there are few such medication methods.

孙思邈的《千金要方》中也提及“凡作汤药，不可避晨夜。觉病须臾，即宜便治，不等早晚，则易愈矣。若或瘥迟，病即传变，虽欲除治，必难为力”。金代成无已(1063～1156年)《注解伤寒论》更进行了补充，“凡发汗温服汤药，如服一剂，病证犹在，故当复作本汤服之。其方虽言日三服，若病剧不解，当促其间，可半日中尽三服。重病者，一日一夜。当晬时观之，若与病相阻，即便有所觉。”
Sun Simiao's "Qian Jin Yao Fang" also mentioned that "you can't avoid the morning night when you make a soup, and if you feel uncomfortable for a while, you should treat it as soon as possible, it will be easier to recover. If you treat too late, the disease will spread and change, it will be very difficult to treat. "Zhu Jie Shang Han lun (Annotation on Shang Han lun), written by Cheng Wuji(1063～1156) in the Jin Dynasty, added," If you take a dose of decoction with sweating, the disease will still exist, so you should take it as a dose of soup. Although its prescription says three times a day, if the condition is difficult to treat, should be urged to take it three times in half a day. Seriously ill, should be take day and night. Pay attention to the abnormal symptoms of patients during medication and adjust medication at any time.

所以，类似于麻黄汤，古代的剂量相当于现代用药的三剂。我们可以一次煎好，匀成三份服用。病人开始服药后，中间隔一个时辰，即有个二三个小时后不出汗，则是药力太小，那么是可以再接着喝的，直到“药到病除”，中病为止。
So similar to Mahuang-Tang, the ancient dose is equivalent to 3 doses of modern medicine. We can cook it at once and then divide it into three parts. After the patient starts taking the medicine, if he doesn't sweat for two or three hours, it means the medicine is too weak, so patients can continue to drink it until the disease is cured.

衡阳唐亚军

《伤寒论》当中的方剂，是用药的指导、示范、教学方剂。切不可认为它的方剂中“一药不可动，一剂量不可变”，是固定的公式方剂，从而忽视了中医用药组方的起源和基本规律。
The prescriptions in Shang Han lun is a prescription for guiding, demonstrating and teaching medication. It must not be considered a fixed formula, that "one herb is immobile and one dose is immutable" in its prescription, thus ignoring the origin and basic rules of prescription composition.

比如北宋《太平惠民和剂局方》的“三拗汤”， 就是麻黄汤的临床机变。
For example, the "San'ao-Tang "in Taiping Huimin Hejiju Prescription of the Northern Song Dynasty is the clinical change of Mahuang-Tang.

三拗汤方:
麻黄(不去根、节) 　杏仁(不去皮、尖) 　甘草(不炙)
上药等分，捣为粗末，每服五钱，水一盏半，姜五片，同煎至一盏，去滓，温服，以衣被盖覆睡，取微汗为度。
Soup name: San'ao-Tang
Prescription: Mahuang ( No remove joint), Xingren（remove peel and tip point）Row Gancao(No roasted)
Made and attention: There are three herbs in total. Each has the same amount, mashed to coarse powder, take five Qian each time. Or use a cup and a half of water, add five slices of ginger, boil them together to one cup, remove the residue.When the soup is still warm, take eight He, and then lie down and cover the quilt, get slight sweat.

本方是麻黄汤去桂枝。为什么去掉这个桂枝？因为此时既有肌表不开，又已出现明显的发热症状，所以不用桂枝这个热药，避免“助内热，以火济火”。对于北宋人来说，这可是距离他们1000年前的《伤寒论》当中的方剂，敢在老祖宗的麻黄汤上动手改药，这无疑要有点勇气。
This prescription is Mahuang-Tang to remove Guizhi. Why remove this Guizhi? Because now has been obvious fever symptoms at this time, Guizhi is a hot medicine, so this is to avoid "fire help fire". For the people in the Northern Song Dynasty, this was the prescription of Shang Han lun 1000 years ago. It undoubtedly takes a little courage to dare to change the herbs in the Mahuang-Tang of our ancestors.

同时，北宋人认为，在药物的处理上，不必搞得那么精细，所以特别指出，麻黄可以不去根节，杏仁可以不去皮尖。同时注意的是，本方的甘草并不用炙，而是取用生甘草，用以针对当前的发热。
At the same time, people in the Northern Song Dynasty thought it unnecessary to be so meticulous in the treatment of herbs, so they pointed out that Mahuang can be treated without remove joint), Xingren can be treated without remove peel and tip point, Gancao can be treated with raw instead of roasted, in order to deal with the current fever.

临床上，有没有麻黄汤证和桂枝汤证中间的方剂呢？就象下面这张图，如图中紫色部分。假如有麻黄汤证的一半症状，又有桂枝汤一半的症状，该怎么设置方药呢？
Clinically, is there a prescription between Mahuang-Tang syndrome and Guizhi-Tang syndrome? Like the purple part in the picture below. For example, there are half the symptoms of Mahuang-Tang syndrome and half the symptoms of Guizhi-Tang. How to set up a prescription?

取麻黄汤的一半剂量，再取桂枝汤的一半剂量，组合成“桂枝麻黄各半汤”。
Take half the dose of Mahuang-Tang and half the dose of Guizhi-Tang, thus formed the "Guizhi Mahuang Ge Ban -Tang ".

汤证：桂枝麻黄各半汤
处方：桂枝一两十六铢去皮　生姜一两切  芍药一两  甘草一两炙  大枣四枚擘   麻黄一两去节　杏仁二十四枚去皮尖
右七味，以水五升，先煮麻黄一二沸，去上沫，内诸药，煮取一升八合，去滓，温服六合。本云桂枝汤三合，麻黄汤三合，并为六合，顿服，将息如上法。
Soup name: Guizhi Mahuang Ge Ban-Tang
Prescription: Guizhi(1 Liang and 16 Zhu , remove peel), Shengjiang(1 Liang, cut),  Shaoyao(1 Liang), Gancao(1 Liang, roast), Dazao(4 Dry Fruits, rip), Mahuang (1 Liang, remove joint) , Xingren（24 nut，remove peel and tip point）
Made and attention: There are seven herbs in total. Cook five Sheng of water, remove the floating foam on it, and then put other medicine in it. When there are one Sheng and eight He water left, remove the residue, take six He.
It was meant to take each Guizhi-Tang and Mahuang-Tang three He, together them get six He.
Drink it all at once. Other methods refer to Guizhi-Tang.

要是桂枝汤证的多一些呢？那就多用一点桂枝汤，所以，就有了“桂枝二麻黄一汤”。
What if Guizhi decoction has more syndromes?  Use more Guizhi-Tang, so there is "Guizhi Er Mahuang Yi-Tang ".
汤证：桂枝二麻黄一汤
处方：麻黄一两去节 　桂枝一两十六铢去皮  生姜一两切　芍药一两  甘草一两炙  大枣四枚擘   杏仁二十四枚去皮尖
右七味。以水五升,先煮麻黄一二沸,去上沫,内诸药,煮取二升,去滓,温服一升,日再服。
Soup name: Guizhi Er Mahuang Yi-Tang
Prescription: Guizhi(1 Liang and , remove peel), Shaoyao(1 Liang and 6 Zhu), Gancao(1 Liang and 2 Zhu, roast), Shengjiang(1 Liang and 6 Zhu, cut), Dazao(5 Dry Fruits, rip), Xingren（16 nuts，remove peel and tip point）, Mahuang (17 Zhu, remove joint)
Made and attention:
There are seven herbs in total. Cook five Sheng of water, remove the floating foam on it, and then put other medicine in it. When there are two Sheng water left, remove the residue, take one Sheng, twice a day.
It was meant to take two of Guizhi-Tang and one of Mahuang-Tang, together them get two Sheng, twice a day.It is now combined into one prescription. Other methods refer to Guizhi-Tang.

张仲景通过这二个方剂告诉我们，临床上，麻黄汤和桂枝汤的占比，可以根据实际情况随时做出调整。
比如，“1份麻黄汤+9份桂枝汤”，这样组成方剂，也完全可以。
Zhang Zhongjing told us through these two prescriptions that the ratio of Mahuang-Tang to Guizhi-Tang can be adjusted at any time according to the actual situation.
For example, "1 part of Mahuang-Tang +9 parts of Guizhi-Tang" can be used as a prescription.